Parts of speech in English , definition , types

Parts of speech in English , definition , types

Table of Contents

Parts of speech in English

We have already seen, there is a subject part and a predicate part in a sentence.

Each part has a word or words which has a certain importance in the sentence. The particular word is said to express a particular part of speech.

Parts of speech with examples

[हम पहले ही देख चुके हैं कि एक वाक्य में उद्देश्य (subject) भाग एवं विधेय ( predicate ) भाग होते हैं।

प्रत्येक भाग में एक या अधिक शब्द होते हैं, जो कि वाक्य में महत्वपूर्ण स्थान रखते हैं। ये शब्द Parts of Speech कहलाते हैं। ]

Type Of Parts Of Speech –

English grammar has eight parts of Speech. [अंग्रेजी में व्याकरण के दृष्टिकोण से आठ शब्द-भेद हैं।।

(1) THE NOUN (संज्ञा)

Any name is a noun कोई भी नाम एक संज्ञा होती है।

Parts of speech in English

Kinds of Nouns (संज्ञा के प्रकार) –

(A) Proper Noun (व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा) –

The name of a particular place, person or a thing is called proper noun.

किसी खास स्थान, व्यक्ति या वस्तु के नाम को Proper noun कहते हैं।

जैसे- Raipur, Bhopal, The Ganga, Ram, Sita, The Tajmahal.

(B) Common Noun (जातिवाचक संज्ञा) –

Name given to people, places or things of the same kind is called a common noun.

जातिवाचक संज्ञा वह नाम है, जो एक ही प्रकार के व्यक्ति, वस्तु या स्थान को दिया जाता है।

जैसे- boy, girl, teacher, cow, town, building, river.

(C) Collective Noun (समूहवाचक संज्ञा) –

Nouns that stand for a number of things considered as one are called collective nouns.

बहुत से व्यक्तियों, स्थानों, वस्तुओं आदि को एक मानकर दिया गया नाम Collective Noun कहलाता है।

जैसे- Class, Cattle, Society, Company, People, Crowd etc.

(D) Material Noun (पदार्थवाचक संज्ञा) –

The names of materials are called material nouns. पदार्थों के नाम पदार्थवाचक संज्ञा होते हैं।

जैसे- Gold, Silver, Clay, Stone, Marble, Wool, Iron.

(E) Abstract Noun (भाववाचक संज्ञा) –

The words used to denote an action , quality or state of mind are called abstract nouns.

किसी क्रिया, गुण या मानसिक अवस्था को व्यक्त करने वाले शब्द भाववाचक संज्ञा कहलाते हैं।

जैसे- fear, love, anger, speed, kindness, health.

Thus NOUN is the name of a person, place or thing.

(2) THE PRONOUN (सर्वनाम)

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. किसी संज्ञा के बदले में प्रयुक्त होने वाला शब्द सर्वनाम कहलाता है।

Kinds of Pronoun (सर्वनाम के प्रकार)

Parts of speech in English

(A) Personal Pronoun (व्यक्तिसूचक सर्वनाम) –

Words related to persons called personal are pronouns.

वे शब्द जो मनुष्यों के लिए प्रयोग किये जाते हैं, व्यक्तिसूचक सर्वनाम कहलाते हैं।

जैसे- I, We, You, He, She, It, They, Thou (अब यह शब्द प्रयुक्त नहीं होता)

(B) Reflexive Pronouns (निजवाचक सर्वनाम ) –

The words that indicate something done by oneself (does) are called reflexive pronouns.

वह शब्द, जो यह बतलाते हैं कि कार्य किसने किया, निजवाचक सर्वनाम कहलाता है।

जैसे- Myself (मैं स्वयं), Ourselves (हम स्वयं), Yourself (तुम स्वयं), Himself, Herself, liself (वह स्वयं, पुरुष, स्त्री, निर्जीव), Themselves (वे स्वयं)

(C) Demonstrative Pronouns (संकेतवाचक सर्वनाम) –

The words that are used to point out an object are called demonstrative pronouns.

वे शब्द जो किसी विषय वस्तु को इंगित करते हैं, संकेतवाचक सर्वनाम कहलाते हैं।

जैसे – This, That These, Those.

(D) Interrogative Pronouns (प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम) –

Words used to make a direct question are called interrogative pronouns.

वे शब्द जो किसी वाक्य में प्रश्न निर्माण के लिए प्रयुक्त किये जाते हैं, प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम कहलाते हैं।

जैसे— What, Who, Whose, Which, Whom.

Parts of speech in English

(E) Relative Pronoun (सम्बन्धवाचक सर्वनाम ) –

The pronoun which joins an adjective (or relative) clause to another clause is called a relative pronoun.

वे सर्वनाम जो विशेषण (या संबन्धवाचक) उपवाक्य को अन्य उपवाक्य से जोड़ते हैं, relative pronoun कहलाते हैं।

निम्नांकित शब्द relative pronouns हैं

Subject (कर्ता )  Object (कर्म) Possessive (संबंध सूचक)
For persons (व्यक्तियों के लिए) who

That

Whom (who)

That

Whose
For things (वस्तुओं के लिए) which

That

Which/that whose (of which)
Uses :

(1) This is the boy whom I gave money.

(2) The train which comes from Bombay is late.

(3) This is the house that Ram built.

(4) This is the man whose son ran away.

(F) Distributive Pronoun (वितरणात्मक सर्वनाम ) –

The word which refers to person or thing/ things one at a time is called a distributive pronoun.

वह शब्द किसी एक ही समय में एक व्यक्ति या वस्तुओं के सम्बन्ध में बताता हो, वितरणात्मक सर्वनाम कहलाता है।

जैसे –

(1) Each of the students gets a prize.

(2) Neither of the boys is clever.

(3) Either of these buses goes to Durg.

उपयुक्त वाक्यों में Distributive pronoun क्रमशः  Each, Neither, Either हैं।

(3) THE ADJECTIVE (विशेषण)

An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun or a pronoun.

किसी संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताने वाला शब्द विशेषण कहलाता है।

Parts of speech in English

Kinds of Adjective (विशेषण के प्रकार)

(A) Adjective of Quality (गुणवाचक विशेषण)-

The word that shows the kind or quality of a person or thing is called an adjective of quality.

ऐसा शब्द जो किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु की गुणवत्ता या विशेषता बताता है, वह गुणवाचक विशेषण कहलाता है।

जैसे – (1) Raipur is a large city.

(2) You are an honest man.

(3) This is a good school.

(B) Adjective of Quantity (मात्रावाचक विशेषण)-

The word that shows the quantity of a thing is called an adjective of quantity.

वह शब्द जो किसी वस्तु की मात्रा को व्यक्त करे, मात्रावाचक विशेषण कहलाता है।

जैसे – (1) My Mother ate some rice.

(2) I have enough money.

(3) They have no sense.

(4) The doctor has lost all his wealth.

(5) We did not move any further.

(C) Adjective of Number (संख्यावाचक विशेषण)–

The word that shows how many persons or things are meant is called the adjective of number.

ऐसा शब्द जो किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तुओं की संख्या बताता है, वह संख्यावाचक विशेषण कहलाता है।

जैसे -(1) She has one hundred rupees in the bag.

(2) We had been taught many lessons.

(3) Most students like pictures.

(4) Monday is the second day of the week.

(5) The thief stole two crores.

(D) Demonstrative Adjective (संकेतवाचक विशेषण)-

The word that shows or points out which person or thing is meant is called demonstrative adjective.

वह शब्द जो किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु की संकेत से विशेषता बताता है उसे संकेतवाचक विशेषण कहते हैं।

जैसे – (1) You hate such things.

(2) This is the end.

(3) That girl is stronger than you.

(4) This promise mustn’t be broken.

(5) These mangoes are sour.

(6) Those boys are honest.

(E) Interrogative Adjective (प्रश्नवाचक विशेषण)-

The words that are used as question words and followed by nouns are called the interrogative adjectives.

ऐसे शब्द जो कि प्रश्नवाचक शब्दों की तरह प्रयुक्त होते हैं तथा संज्ञा के ठीक पहले आते हैं, वे प्रश्नवाचक विशेषण होते हैं।

जैसे- (1) Whose pen is this ?

(2) Which book do you want?

(3) Whose shoes are you wearing ?

(4) What things do you read ?

(F) Distributive Adjective (वितरणात्मक विशेषण) –

The words refer to each one of two or more persons or things taken singly are called the distributive adjectives.

ऐसे शब्द जो दो या अधिक व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं में चुनकर एक-एक की विशेषता बताए, वितरणात्मक विशेषण कहलाते हैं।

जैसे- (1) Each boy has to sign this paper.

(2) Each group is to follow its leader.

(3) Every nation must work for peace.

(4) Either side may win.

(5) The teacher agreed with neither side.

(G) Possessive Adjective ( सम्बन्धवाचक विशेषण) –

The words used to show the relation of the noun with a pronoun are possessive adjectives.

Parts of speech in English

वे शब्द जो किसी संज्ञा को सर्वनाम से सम्बन्धित करते हैं, सम्बन्धसूचक विशेषण कहलाते हैं।

जैसे- (1) This is my pencil.

(2) Which is your house ?

(3) The dog hurt its leg.

(4) THE VERB (क्रिया)

A verb is a word that states some action or position about a person or thing in the sentence.

वाक्य में क्रिया वह शब्द होता है, जो किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु के किसी कार्य या स्थिति को दर्शाता है।

Kinds of Verb (क्रिया के प्रकार)

(A) Transitive Verb (सकर्मक क्रिया) –

The verb that requires an object is called a transitive verb.

ऐसी क्रिया, जिसे किसी कर्म की आवश्यकता होती हो, वह सकर्मक क्रिया कहलाती है।

जैसे- I eat an apple.

यहाँ पर eat सकर्मक क्रिया (transitive verb) है क्योंकि an apple उसका object है।

(B) Intransitive Verb (अकर्मक क्रिया) –

The verb that does not require an object.

अकर्मक क्रिया ऐसी क्रिया है, जिसमें किसी कर्म की आवश्यकता नहीं होती।

जैसे- (1) She goes.

(2) The dog barks.

उपर्युक्त दोनों वाक्यों में Object (कर्म) नहीं है।

(C) Auxiliary Verbs (सहायक क्रिया) –

उपर्युक्त सामान्य क्रिया के रूप हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त क्रिया का तीसरा रूप auxiliary verbs (सहायक क्रियाएँ) हैं।

Auxiliary verbs are used with main verbs to complete their meaning chiefly regarding the time of action.

सहायक क्रिया मुख्य क्रिया के साथ उपयोग की जाती है तथा उनके अर्थ को खास तौर से क्रिया के समय के संदर्भ में पूर्ण करती है।

अंग्रेजी में 24 सहायक क्रियाएँ हैं परन्तु अपने उपयोग के कारण इनका उचित ज्ञान अत्यन्त महत्वपूर्ण है। (Page 2)

सामान्य क्रियाएँ (Ordinary verbs) के निम्नलिखित चार रूप होते हैं जो विभिन्न tenses में प्रयुक्त होते हैं

(a) Present form (मूल रूप) eg go, read, play.

(b) Past form (भूतकाल रूप) e.g. went, read, played.

(c) Past participle ( तीसरा रूप) e.g, gone, read, played.

(d) Present participle (मूल रूप + ing) eg going, reading, playing.

(5) THE ADVERB (क्रिया विशेषण)

An adverb is a word which modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb.

क्रिया, विशेषण या किसी दूसरे क्रिया विशेषण के अर्थ को विशेष रूप से दर्शाने या विशेषता बताने वाले शब्द को Adverb कहते हैं।

Kinds of Adverb (क्रिया विशेषण के प्रकार)

(A) Adverb of Time (समय सूचक विशेषण)

Examples: (1) We shall now begin to work.

(2) He comes here daily.

(3) Ram had spoken to Ravan already.

(B) Adverb of Place (स्थानवाचक क्रिया विशेषण)

Examples: (1) Stand here.

(2) Go there.

(3) Come in.

(4) My brother is out.

(5) I walked along.

(C) Adverb of Frequency (आवृत्ति सूचक क्रिया विशेषण)

Examples:

( 1 ) I have told you once.

(2) He seldom comes here.

(3) The man called again.

(4) I always try to do my best.

(5) I have not seen him once.

(D) Adverb of Manner (रीतिवाचक क्रिया विशेषण)

Examples:

(1) I read clearly.

(2) The boy works hard.

(3) You slept soundly.

(4) The Hindus fought bravely.

(E) Adverb of Degree ( परिणामवाचक क्रिया विशेषण )

Examples:

(1) You are too careless.

(2) My father is fully prepared.

(3) It is good enough for my purpose.

(4) I am so glad.

(5) She is partly right.

(F) Sentence Adverbs (संपूर्ण वाक्य/ उपवाक्य के लिए क्रिया विशेषण की तरह कार्य करने वाले शब्द) –

Examples:

(1) He is obviously intelligent.

(2) She actually lives next door.

(3) Apparently he knew the town well.

(G) Interrogative Adverb (प्रश्नवाचक क्रिया विशेषण)-

The adverbs that are used for asking questions are called the interrogative adverbs.

वे क्रिया विशेषण जो कि प्रश्न निर्माण कार्य में आते हैं, वे प्रश्नवाचक क्रिया विशेषण कहलाते हैं।

Examples:

(1) Where is Shyam?

(2) When do you get up?

(3) At what o’clock do you go to school?

(4) Why did you laugh at me?

(5) How many times did I warn you?

(H) Relative Adverbs ( सम्बन्ध सूचक क्रिया विशेषण )-

The adverbs that join two clauses are called the relative adverbs.

वे क्रिया विशेषण जो दो उपवाक्यों को जोड़ने का कार्य करते हैं, सम्बन्ध सूचक विशेषण कहलाते हैं।

Examples:

(1) I know the place where she was born.

(2) That’s the reason why he came yesterday.

Students should be familiar with the following adverbs:

Adverbs of time: now, soon, still, then, yet.

Adverbs of place: by, near, here, there, up.

Adverbs of frequency: always, never, sometimes, often, once, twice..

Adverbs of degree: fairly, rather, hardly, quite, very, too.

Adverbs of manner: Well, quickly, hard, fast. Relative adverbs: When, where, why.

Interrogative adverbs: When?, Where?, Why?

Sentence adverbs: Certainly, surely, luckily, definitely etc.

(6) THE PREPOSITION ( सम्बन्ध सूचक अव्यय )

According to Wren, a preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by stands in regard to something else.

रेन के अनुसार-

सम्बन्ध सूचक वह शब्द है जो किसी संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के पहले प्रयुक्त होकर उस संज्ञा या सर्वनाम द्वारा इंगित वस्तु या व्यक्ति का सम्बन्ध किसी अन्य वस्तु या व्यक्ति से प्रकट करे।

Kinds of Preposition (सम्बन्ध सूचक अव्यय के प्रकार )

(1) Simple Preposition (Single Word) –

जैसे- in, on, at, for, of, up, among, between.

(2) Compound Preposition

जैसे- about, above, across, along, beside, beneath.

(3) Phrase Preposition

जैसे- according to, alongwith, because of, in case of, instead of, for the sake of etc.

Prepositions are used in almost all sentences. Students are advised to learn the meaning and use of the following simple prepositions:

छात्रों को निम्नलिखित prepositions का अर्थ व उपयोग ज्ञात होना चाहिए –

at, in, on under, between, from, to, for, since, among, by, with, beside, across , along, upon, into, over, above, beyond, until, without, before, after, behind.

(7) THE CONJUNCTION (समुच्चय बोधक अव्यय)

A conjunction is a word which joins words or clauses.

समुच्चय बोधक अव्यय एक ऐसा शब्द है जो उपवाक्यों या शब्दों को जोड़ता है।

जैसे- Sohan is poor but honest.

Kinds of Conjunction (समुच्चय बोधक अव्ययों के प्रकार)

(A) Co-ordinating Conjuctions (समानाधिकरण संयोजक) –

It joins together clauses of equal rank. यह समानाधिकरण उपवाक्यों को जोड़ता है।

जैसे – and, but, for, or, nor, either…. or, neither… nor.

Parts of speech in English

(B) Sub-ordinating Conjunction (आश्रित संयोजक) –

It joins a clause to another one (main clause) which it depends for the completion of its meaning.

यह आश्रित उपवाक्य को (जो अपने अर्थ की पूर्णता के लिए मुख्य उपवाक्य पर निर्भर होता है) मुख्य उपवाक्य से जोड़ता है।

Examples – that, if, after, before, though, so… that.

Co-ordinating conjunctions join clauses to form compound sentences while sub-ordinating conjunctions form complex sentences –

समानाधिकरण समुच्चय बोधक संयुक्त वाक्य बनाते हैं जबकि आश्रित संयोजक मिश्र वाक्य बनाते हैं।

Parts of speech in English

(8) THE INTERJECTION (विस्मयादि बोधक अव्यय )

An interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion .

यह एक ऐसा शब्द है, जो मन में अचानक होने वाले भावनाओं को व्यक्त करता है। इसक प्रयोग करने पर शब्दान्त या वाक्यान्त में (!) चिन्ह का प्रयोग अवश्य किया जाता है।

जैसे- Joy (प्रसन्नता) – Hurrah !

Surprise (आश्चर्य) – What

Grief (दुःख)- Alas

Approval (स्वीकृति) Bravo !

Sentences:

(1) Hurrah! we have won the match.

(2) Alas ! I missed the train.

(3) Bravo! You have done it well.

(4) What ! How can this happen ?

PHRASES

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को देखो –

1. Ram is running.

2. A boy is running.

3. A black dog is running.

4. A tall young boy in blue shirt is running.

5. I am running.

सभी वाक्यों में रेखांकित शब्द/ शब्द समूह/ पद Noun (संज्ञा) का काम कर रहे हैं। ये Noun phrase (संज्ञा पद) हैं।

जिस प्रकार एक Noun (संज्ञा), subject (कर्त्ता), object (कर्म), complement (पूरक) इत्यादि का काम करता है,

उसी प्रकार Noun phrase भी वही कार्य करता है।

[ध्यान रखें, Pronoun) (सर्वनाम) भी Noun phrase ही होता है।]

1. My father wrote a letter. (NP obj.)

2. My father is a doctor. (NP compl.)

3. My father is sleeping. (NP sub.)

इसी प्रकार, जो शब्द / शब्द समूह Adjective (विशेषण), Verb (क्रिया) या Adverb (क्रिया विशेषण) का कार्य करें, वे क्रमश: Adjective phrase (Adj. P), Verb phrase (VP), Adverb phrase (Adv.P.) कहलाते हैं।

Parts of speech in English

Preposition से प्रारम्भ होने वाले शब्द/शब्द समूह Preposition phrase (Prep. P.) कहलाते हैं,

परन्तु साथ ही यदि वे Adverb का कार्य करें तो Adverb phrase (Adv. P.) भी कहला सकते हैं।

जैसे- 1. My servant is honest. (Adj.P.)

2. My servant is very honest. (Adj. P.)

3. She is a teacher. (VP)

4. She works in an office. (VP)

5. She has been working for two hours. (VP)

6. The train runs fast. (Adv. P.)

7. The train runs very fast. (Adv. P.)

8. He goes to Delhi. (Prep. P.)

9. He is sitting under a big tree. (Prep. P.)

10. He works at night. (Prep. P.)

यदि आप parts of speech के स्थान पर इन phrases को समझ लें तो अंग्रेजी सीखने के बहुत सुविधा हो जाए,

क्योंकि वाक्य phrases के सहारे ही आगे बढ़ता है, जैसे –

NP VP

1. He/writes.

NP VP NP

2. He/writes/ a letter.

NP  VP  NP  Prep. p.  Prep. p.

3. His younger brother/writes/a letter/to his brother/in the morning.

NP VP  Prep. p  Prep. p.  NP

4. She/is cooking/delicious dishes/in the kitchen/with her sister.

NP  VP   adv. P.  Prep. p.

5. He/works/honestly/in the office.

Parts of speech in English

Essay for my aim in life

About my hobby essay

Essay for my favorite book

Essay about india of my dreams

Who is the person you admire most

Wonder of science essay

Essay on Mahatma gandhi

educationallof
Author: educationallof

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