दिष्ट धारा मोटर (D. C. Motor)
Table of Contents
दिष्ट-धारा मोटर वह उपकरण है, जो विद्युत् ऊर्जा को यान्त्रिक ऊर्जा में परिवर्तित करता है।
एक दिष्ट-धारा मोटर की रचना चित्र में प्रदर्शित की गई है।
रचना-
इसकी रचना दिष्ट-धारा डायनेमो के समान ही होती है। इसके मुख्य भाग निम्नलिखित हैं:
(i) क्षेत्र चुम्बक NS,
(ii) आर्मेचर ABCD,
(iii) विभक्त वलय दिक्परिवर्तक S1S2,
(iv) ब्रुश B1B2.
इसमें आर्मेचर की धुरी के साथ एक बड़ा पहिया लगा होता है, जिसे गति पालक पहिया (Fly Wheel) कहते हैं।
आर्मेचर के घूमने पर पहिया भी घूमने लगता है जिस पर पट्टा (Belt) चढ़ाकर अन्य मशीनें घुमायो जाती हैं।
कार्य-विधि-
ब्रुश B1 और B2 के बीच एक संचायक सेल E और कुंजी K जोड़ देते हैं।
जब कुंजी K के प्लग को लगाकर चित्र (a) के अनुसार कुण्डली में ABCD दिशा में धारा भेजी जाती है,
तो फ्लेमिंग के बायें हाथ के नियमानुसार, AB भुजा पर कागज के लम्बवत् नीचे की ओर तथा CD भुजा पर उतना ही बला कागज के तल के लम्बवत् ऊपर की ओर कार्य करता है।
दोनों बल परिमाण में बराबर होते हैं तथा उनकी दिशा विपरीत होती है।
अत: दोनों बल-युग्म का निर्माण करते हैं।
इस बल-युग्म के कारण कुण्डली दक्षिणावर्त दिशा में घूमने लगती है।
जब कुण्डली ऊर्ध्व तल में आती है, तो इस बल-युग्म का मान शून्य हो जाता है,
किन्तु इस समय दिक्परिवर्तक का S2 भाग ब्रुश B1 के सम्पर्क में तथा S1 भाग ब्रुश B2 के सम्पर्क में आ जाता है।
अतः कुण्डली में अब विद्युत् धारा DCBA दिशा में प्रवाहित होने लगती है ।
इस स्थिति में कुण्डली पर कार्य करने वाला बल-युग्म उसे पुनः दक्षिणावर्त दिशा में घुमा देता है।
इस प्रकार आर्मेचर क्षेत्र चुम्बक के ध्रुव खण्डों के बीच एक ही दिशा में लगातार घूमता रहता है।
उपयोग–
विद्युत् पंखा, कूलर, फ्रिज, मिक्सर, कपड़े धोने की मशीन, खराद, बरमा आदि में।
विरोधी विद्युत् वाहक बल (Backe.m.f.) –
जब विद्युत् मोटर का आर्मेचर चुम्बकीय क्षेत्र में घूमता है तो उससे बद्ध चुम्बकीय फ्लक्स परिवर्तित होता है।
अतः कुण्डली में प्रेरित वि. वा. बल उत्पन्न हो जाता है जिसकी दिशा मुख्य वि. वा. बल के विपरीत होती है।
इस प्रेरित वि. वा. बल को विरोधी वा. बल कहते हैं।
मान लो विद्युत् मोटर पर लगाया गया मुख्य वि. वा. चल E तथा उसमें उत्पन्न विरोधी वि. वा. बल e है। यदि
कुण्डली का प्रतिरोध E हो, तो उसमें बहने वाली धारा I = E-e /R
या
E – e = IR
या
EI – el = I² R
EI निवेशी शक्ति तथा I²R कम हुई ऊर्जा है।
स्पष्ट है कि el निर्गत शक्ति होगी।
अतः मोटर की दक्षता n= निर्गत शक्ति /निवेशी शक्ति x 100%
या
η = el/El x 100%
या
η = e/E x 100%.
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