विद्युत् आवेश का क्वाण्टीकरण
Table of Contents
(Quantization of Electric Charge)
विद्युत् आवेश का क्वाण्टीकरण :-
प्रयोगों द्वारा ज्ञात हुआ है कि प्रकृति में किसी वस्तु पर जो कम से कम मात्रा में आवेश पाया जाता है , वह एक इलेक्ट्रॉन या एक प्रोटॉन के आवेश के बराबर होता है।
इसका मान 4.8 × 10⁻¹⁰ स्थैत कूलॉम या 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ कूलॉम होता है।
हम जानते हैं कि इलेक्ट्रॉन पर ऋणावेश की मात्रा प्रोटॉन पर धनावेश की मात्रा के बराबर होती है।
अतः यदि इलेक्ट्रॉन के आवेश को – e से प्रदर्शित करें तो प्रोटॉन के आवेश को +e से प्रदर्शित किया जायेगा।
यह पाया गया है कि प्रत्येक आवेशित पदार्थ पर आवेश की मात्रा एक इलेक्ट्रॉन पर आवेश की मात्रा के पूर्ण गुणज (Integer Multiple) में होती है।
अतः किसी आवेशित पदार्थ पर आवेश की मात्रा q = +-ne हो सकती है।
जहाँ n = 1 , 2 , 3 , …. तथा e = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ कूलॉम।
इस प्रकार किसी आवेशित पदार्थ पर आवेश सदैव e के पूर्ण गुणज जैसे – e , 2e , 3e, ….इत्यादि में होता है।
किसी पदार्थ पर आवेश e की भिन्न जैसे 3/2e , 5/2e , 7/2e इत्यादि में नहीं होता।
स्पष्ट है कि विद्युत् आवेश को अनिश्चित रूप से विभाजित नहीं किया जा सकता।
विद्युत् आवेश के इस गुण को ही विद्युत् आवेश का क्वाण्टीकरण कहते हैं।
e सबसे छोटी इकाई है , इसे मूल आवेश कहते हैं।
{नोट :- किसी पदार्थ में 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ कूलॉम से कम आवेश नहीं हो सकता।
आवेश के क्वाण्टीकरण का मुख्य कारण यह है कि एक पदार्थ में इलेक्टॉन का स्थानांतरण केवल इलेक्ट्रॉनों की पूर्ण संख्या में ही नहीं होता है। }
संधारित्र की दोनों प्लेटों के मध्य परावैद्युत माध्यम रखने पर उसकी विद्युत् धारिता क्यों बढ़ जाती है ?
परावैद्युत पदार्थ में मुक्त इलेक्ट्रॉन नहीं होते।
सभी इलेक्ट्रॉन परमाणु के साथ दृढ़तापूर्वक बँधे रहते हैं।
जब किसी परावैद्युत पदार्थ को आवेशित संधारित्र की प्लेटों के बीच रखा जाता है , तो परमाणु विकृत हो जाते हैं , उनके धनावेशित भाग ऋणावेशित प्लेट की ओर तथा ऋणावेशित भाग धनावेशित प्लेट की ओर विस्थापित हो जाते हैं।
अतः परावैद्युत माध्यम के अन्दर एक विद्युत् क्षेत्र E’ उत्पन्न हो जाता है जिसकी दिशा मुख्य क्षेत्र E के विपरीत होती है।
फलस्वरूप दोनों प्लेटों के मध्य विद्युत् क्षेत्र की तीव्रता कम हो जाती है।
विद्युत् क्षेत्र की तीव्रता कम होने से विभवान्तर भी कम हो जाता है।
अतः संधारित्र की विद्युत् धारिता अधिक हो जाती है।
ब्रूस्टर का नियम (Brewester’s law )
अनुदैर्ध्य तरंग में ध्रुवण क्यों नहीं होता ?
आवेशों का संरक्षण किसे कहते हैं
क्लोरीन के उपयोग (Uses of chlorine)
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