स्पेक्ट्रम के प्रकार (Kind of spectrum)
Table of Contents
स्पेक्ट्रम मुख्यतः दो प्रकार के होते हैं :
1. उत्सर्जन स्पेक्ट्रम (Emission Spectrum)
2. अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम (Absorption spectrum)
1. उत्सर्जन स्पेक्ट्रम (Emission Spectrum) :-
Jab Kisi Vastu Ko garm Kiya jata hai ya Anya Vidhi se use Urja Di Jaati Hai To Ek sthiti Aisi Aati Hai .
jabki Vastu se Prakash nikalne lagta hai. is स्थिति में Vastu तापदीप्त (Incandescent) kahlati Hai.
तापदीप्त Vastu ke Prakar se jo spectrum prapt hota hai , use utsarjan spectrum Kahate Hain.
उत्सर्जन स्पेक्ट्रम मुख्यतः तीन प्रकार के होते हैं :-
१ संतत स्पेक्ट्रम (Continuous spectrum):-
इस स्पेक्ट्रम Mein Sabhi Rang Ek nishchit क्रम Mein upsthit Rehte Hain.
किन्हीं Bhi Do rangon के bich Koi पृथक्करण Rekha Nahin Hoti.
इस स्पेक्ट्रम के ek Kinare per baigani Rang tatha dusre Kinare per Lal Rang hota hai.
Anya Rang in donon rangon Ke Madhya vidyaman Rehte Hain.
स्पेक्ट्रम ke kisi Nishit Bindu per spectrum ki tivrata mahatam Hoti Hai.
Iske donon ओर tivrata क्रमशः Ghati Jaati Hai.
ज्यों-ज्यों Vastu ke tap ko badhaya Jata Hai, महत्तम तीव्रता का यह Bindu Bairagi Kshetra ki or hatne lagta hai .
उदाहरण:- carbon Arc , Vidyut bulb , Tel ke lamp , mombatti ki Jwala , Surya aadi ke spectrum Santat spectrum Hote Hain.
२. रखिल स्पेक्ट्रम (Line spectrum):-
Is spectrum Mein Kali prishthbhumi per पतली व chamkili rekhayen Dikhai deti hai.
रेखिल स्पेक्ट्रम ki pratyek Rekha ka ek nishchit तरंगदैर्ध्य hota hai.
prayogo se Pata Chalta Hai Ki pratyek tatva ka ek nishchit Rekhil spectrum Hota Hai.
pratyek tatva K रेखिल स्पेक्ट्रम Mein Rekha ki sankhya nishchit Hoti Hai tatha unke तरंगदैर्ध्य भी hote hain.
is प्रकार Kisi structure ki rekhaon Ko Dekhkar tatha unke तरंगदैर्ध्य ko नापकर यह Pata Lagaya Ja sakta hai ki prayogadhin spectrum किस tatva ka hai.
Jaise– cadmium ke structure Mein Ek Lal तथा hydrogen gas ke spectrum में 4 rakhen ( Lal , Hari , Neeli aur baigani ) parilakshit Hoti Hai.
सोडियम ke spectrum Mein Do PiLi रेखाएं dikhayen Deti Hai. jinhen D₁ aur D₂ रेखाएं Kahate Hain.
इन रेखाओं ke संगत तरंगदैर्ध्य क्रमशः 5890A तथा 5896A hote hain.
yah स्पेक्ट्रम gaso aur dhaatuo ki waspo Ke Bhitar Parmanu ki Urja avasthaon ke Madhya sankramano se utpann Prakash Ke Karan prapt hota hai.
spasht hai ki gas या वाष्प parmanviy avastha mein aane ke पश्चात hi रेखिल spectrum ka utsarjan karte hain.
atah is Prakar ki स्पेक्ट्रम ko Parmanu spectrum भी कहते Hain.
उदाहरण :-
1. जब Visarjan – nalika mein kisi gas Ya तत्व ki वाष्प mein kam दाब per Vidyut Visarjan Kiya jata hai to रेखिल spectrum prapt Hota Hai.
2. बुन्सन की Jwala में Sodium , Potassium aur calcium ki land ko dalne par रेखिल spectrum prapt hota hai.
बुन्सन ज्वाला Mein sodium chloride dalne par D₁ aur D₂ रेखाएँ prapt Hoti Hai.
3. sodium lamp aur Mercury lamp रेखिल स्पेक्ट्रम Dete Hain.
३. बैण्ड स्पेक्ट्रम (Band spectrum) :-
Is Prakar ke spectrum Mein Kali prishthbhumi per chaudi – chaudi विभिन्न rangon ki chamkili pattiyan Dikhai Deti Hai .
Ye पट्टियां एक सिरे पर चमकदार तथा dusre per dhundli Hoti Hai.
Adhik shaktishali spectrometer se adhyayan karne se Pata Chalta Hai Ki band spectrum Kai rekhaon Se Milkar banta hai .
yah rekhaen chamkile सिरे ki सघन aur dhundhLe सिरे ki ओर विरल Hoti Hai.
yah स्पेक्ट्रम उन गैसों se prapt hota hai jo तापदीप्त avastha Mein अणुओं ke roop Mein rahti hai .
atah is Prakar ke spectrum को आण्विक spectrum bhi Kahate Hain .
उदाहरण –
1. गैसलर tube में कम दाब तथा kam vibhavantar per Vidyut Visarjan karne par band spectrum prapt hota hai .
2. कार्बन ke adhikansh yogic Jaise – CO2 आदि Band spectrum Dete Hain .
3. bunsen Jwala ka Neela भाग , जिसमें Karbonn तथा सायनोजन(CN) आदि आण्विक avastha Mein Rehte Hain, band spectrum Dete Hain.
नोट :- रेखिल स्पेक्ट्रम एवं बैण्ड स्पेक्ट्रम की उपर्युक्त विवेचना से स्पष्ट है कि स्वत्रंत परमाणुओं से रेखिल स्पेक्ट्रम तथा संयुक्त परमाणुओं से अर्थात अणुओं से बैण्ड स्पेक्ट्रम प्राप्त होता है।
इस प्रकार एक ही प्रकाश स्त्रोत एक अवस्था में रेखिल स्पेक्ट्रम तथा दूसरी अवस्था में बैण्ड स्पेक्ट्रम दे सकता है।
जैसे- तापदीप्त हाइड्रोजन गैस कम दाब और उच्च विभवांतर पर रेखिल स्पेक्ट्रम तथा कम दाब और कम विभवान्तर पर बैण्ड स्पेक्ट्रम देती है।
2. अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम (Absorption Spectrum):-
Jab swet Prakash Ko Kisi pardarshi ठोस , द्रव या gas se Gujara Jata Hai To yah padarth apni pravati ke anusar Kuchh nishchit तरंगदैर्ध्य wale Prakash ka avshoshan kar lete hain.
फलस्वरूप spectrum Mein अवशोषित prakash ki Sthan per Kali rekhaen या Kali pattiyan Dikhai Deti Hai.
is Prakar ke स्पेक्ट्रम ko अवशोषण spectrum Kahate Hain.
Jaise – Jab श्वेत Prakash ko Thandi सोडियम वाष्प mein se Gujara jata hai to Spectrum Mein D₁ Aur D₂ Ke स्थानों par do Kali रेखाएँ Dikhai Deti Hai.
इसी प्रकार Prakash ke Marg Mein potassium permanganate ka atyant Tanu विलयन Rakh देने per spectrum ke हरे भाग Bhag Mein Kali Patia Dikhai Deti Hai.
ISI Tarah swet Prakash ke Marg Mein iodine Se Bhari Hui Kanch Ki Nali Rakh dene per spectrum ke pratyek रंग Mein Kai Kali rekhaen Dikhai Deti Hai.
अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम तीन प्रकार के होते हैं-
१.संतत अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम (Continuous Absorption Spectrum):-
Jab श्वेत Prakash ko Neele Kanch mein se Gujarte Hain To vah Keval Neele Prakash ko Hi Jaane Deta Hai, शेष rangon ko avshoshit kar leta hai.
ISI Prakar Lal Kanch Keval Lal Rang ko Hi Jaane Deta Hai, Shesh rangon ko avshoshit kar leta hai.
is Prakar जब श्वेत Prakash Kisi padarth mein se gujarta hai to vah padarth apni Prakriti ke anusar Kai rangon को अवशोषित kar leta hai जिससे spectrum Mein Ve Rang anupsthit Rehte Hain .
is Prakar ke spectrum को संतत avshoshan spectrum Kahate Hain.
२. अदीप्त रेखिल स्पेक्ट्रम (Dark Line Spectrum):-
Jab swet Prakash Kisi padarth mein se gujarta hai to vah padarth apni Prakriti ke anusar Kuchh स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाओं ko avshoshit kar leta hai,
jisse spectrum Mein Kali रेखाएँ drishtigochar Hoti Hai.
is Prakar ki spectrum को adipti रेखिल स्पेक्ट्रम Kahate Hain .
३. अदीप्त बैण्ड स्पेक्ट्रम (Dark Line Spectrum):-
जब श्वेत प्रकाश को किसी पदार्थ में से गुजारने पर विभिन्न रंगों के मध्य काली पट्टियां दृष्टिगोचर होती हैं, तो इस प्रकार के स्पेक्ट्रम को अदीप्त बैण्ड स्पेक्ट्रम कहतें हैं।
नोट :- जिस प्रकार किसी तत्व का उत्सर्जन स्पेक्ट्रम उसका लाक्षणिक गुण होता है , ठीक इसी प्रकार किसी तत्व का अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम भी उसका लाक्षणिक गुण होता है।
अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम का अध्ययन करके यह पता लगाया जा सकता है कि वह किस तत्व का अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम हैं।
उत्सर्जन स्पेक्ट्रम और अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम में अन्तर
उत्सर्जन स्पेक्ट्रम :-
1.तापदीप्त वस्तु के सीधे प्रकाश से प्राप्त स्पेक्ट्रम को उत्सर्जन स्पेक्ट्रम कहते हैं।
2. इसमें प्राप्त विभिन्न रंग पदार्थ की प्रकृति और अवस्था पर निर्भर करता है।
अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम :-
1. तापदीप्त वस्तु से प्राप्त प्रकाश को किसी पारदर्शी माध्यम में गुजारने के बाद प्राप्त काली रेखाओं या काली पट्टियों से युक्त स्पेक्ट्रम को अवशोषण-स्पेक्ट्रम कहते हैं।
2. इसमें प्राप्त काली रेखाएँ या काली पट्टियां पदार्थ की प्रकृति पर निर्भर करती है।
टेलीफोन लिंक (Telephone links)
प्रकाशिक तन्तु (Optical Fibre) किसे कहते हैं?
प्रिज्म के अपवर्तनांक का सूत्र :-
कोणीय वर्ण विक्षेपण (Angular Dispersion) :-
स्पेक्ट्रम (Spectrum) किसे कहते हैं ?
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