सेलफोन (Cellphone) किसे कहते हैं?

सेलफोन (Cellphone) 

सेलफोन (Cellphone) एक तार रहित (Cordless) चल संचार उपकरण है।

जिसके द्वारा किसी भी व्यक्ति से , जिसके पास सेल्युलर फोन अथवा साधारण फोन कनेक्शन हैं , बातचीत किया जा सकता है।

इसे सेल्युलर रेडियो टेलीफोन , सेल्युलर टेलीफोन तथा कम शक्तिशाली हल्का ट्रांसिवर (Transceiver) के नाम से भी जाना जाता है।

ट्रांसिवर Transmitter और Receiver दोनों शब्दों को मिलाकर बनाया गया है।

यह घरों में उपलब्ध एक सामान्य टेलीफोन की तुलना में , छोटा तथा तार रहित उपकरण होता है जिसे जेब में आसानी से रखा जा सकता है।

सेलफोन (Cellphone) की आने वाली पीढ़ी में वीडियो कान्फ्रेंसिंग , इन्टरनेट , ई-मेल आदि की सुविधाएं उपलब्ध रहेगी।

आज सेलफोन (Cellphone) अपनी सहजता , उपयोग में सरल और सस्ती सुविधा के कारण इतना अधिक लोकप्रिय हो गया है

कि इसका उपयोग हर वर्ग के लोगों के द्वारा किया जा रहा है। व्यापारी , उपभोक्ता , कर्मचारी , अधिकारी , ठेकेदार आदि सभी इसका उपयोग कर रहे हैं।

सेलफोन प्रणाली के मुख्यतः तीन भाग होते हैं –

1. नेटवर्क प्रणाली

2. हैंड सेट

3. सीम कार्ड (SIM card)

1. नेटवर्क प्रणाली :-

नेटवर्क प्रणाली से तात्पर्य संचार प्रणाली से है जो यह सुविधा उपलब्ध करा रही है।

पूरी संचार व्यवस्था उसी नेटवर्क प्रणाली के नियंत्रण में होती है।

उदाहरण के लिए BSNL , MTSNT , Idea , Reliance , Hutch आदि कम्पनियां अपना अपना नेटवर्क चलाती है।

सेलफोन(Cellphone)

2. हैंडसेट (Handset) :-

यह एक छोटा इलेक्ट्रॉनिक उपकरण है जिसमें ट्रांसमिशन तथा रिसिवर दोनों का कार्य होता है।

इस हैंडसेट को चलाने के लिए एक छोटे कम शक्तिशाली बैटरी की आवश्यकता होती है।

हैंडसेट का निर्माण बहुत सारी कम्पनियां करती है। जैसे – मोटोरोला , नोकिया , सैमसंग , L.G. आदि।

3. सिम कार्ड (SIM card) :-

यह नेटवर्क कम्पनी के द्वारा अपने उपभोक्ता को दिया गया मेमोरी चिप होता हैं जो उसे अन्य उपभोक्ताओं से अलग पहचान देता है।

SIM card , Subscriber Identity Module card का संक्षिप्त नाम है।

इस सिम कार्ड को उपभोक्ता अपने हैंडसेट मे लगाकर समीप के नेटवर्क टावर से जुड़ जाता है।

सिम कार्ड

SIM card द्वारा उपभोक्ता को एक संख्या प्रदान किया जाता है , जो सामान्यतः 10 अंको का होता है।

जिसमें प्रथम पाँच अंक नेटवर्क प्रणाली की पहचान कराता है तथा दूसरा पाँच अंको का समूह उस नेटवर्क मे उस उपभोक्ता की पहचान कराता है।

उदाहरण के लिए 98271 – 91631 में 98271 नेटवर्क प्रणाली की पहचान कराता है जबकि 91631 उस नेटवर्क प्रणाली में उपभोक्ता (मोबाइल धारक ) की पहचान कराता है।

सिम कार्ड वैयक्तिक सूचना , सेलफोन नम्बर , फोनबुक , टेक्स्ट मैसेज और अन्य डाटा संग्रहित रखता है।

इसे एक मिनी हार्ड डिस्क कहा जा सकता है जो फोन में प्रवेश पाते ही सक्रिय (एक्टिवेट) हो जाती है।

चाहे आप इसे किसी पुराने हैंडसेट में डालें या नये हैडसेट में।

सेलफोन की कार्य प्रणाली :-

सेल्युलर रेडियो नेटवर्क में सेल का अर्थ उस क्षेत्र से होता है।

जिसके अन्तर्गत एक टावर मोबाइल फोन से सिग्नल प्राप्त कर सकता है और उसे प्रसारित कर सकता है।

इस प्रकार एक टावर के चारों ओर का वह क्षेत्र जिसमें मोबाइल द्वारा भेजे गए सिग्नल को टावर प्राप्त (Receive) करता है

सेलफोन (Cellphone) की कार्य प्रणाली

और वांछित सेल तक उसे ट्रांसमिट (Transmit) करता है , सेल कहलाता है।

एक सेल में स्थित टावर अर्थात Transmitter को बेस स्टेशन (Base station) कहते हैं।

सेलफोन (Cellphone)
network explosion design element

सेलफोन प्रणाली में नेटवर्क क्षेत्र में छोटा रेंज के ट्रांसमीटर हजारों की संख्या में पूरे देश में फैले हुए हैं।

एक मोबाइल नेटवर्क क्षेत्र में ये सेल , मधुमक्खी के छत्ते के समान विभिन्न टावर की सहायता से एक दूसरे से जुड़े रहते हैं।

एक सेल की त्रिज्या 1.5 किमी से लेकर 50 किमी तक होती है।

सेल का आकार पूर्णतः वृत्ताकार या षट्कोण में नहीं होता है।

यह सेल के चारों ओर की भौगोलिक स्थिति , वातावरण एवं कभी कभी सिस्टम पर पड़ते वाले लोड पर निर्भर करता है।

सेल क्लस्टर

नेटवर्क क्षेत्र में सेलफोन के टावर आसानी से देखे जा सकता है।

मोबाइल नेटवर्क में सिगनलों का ट्रेफिक नियंत्रण एक केन्द्रीय नियंत्रण कक्ष में होता है

जो कम्प्यूटर द्वारा संचालित होता है इसे MTSO (Mobile Telephone Suitching Office ) कहते हैं।

सेल्युलर मोबाइल प्रणाली की विशेषताएं :-

वैसे तो मोबाइल के कई सारे विशेषताएं है लेकिन हम यहाँ कुछ विशेषताओं के बारे में बता रहे हैं।

तो चलिए देखते हैं कि सेल्युलर मोबाइल की क्या क्या विशेषताएं हैं –

1. छोटे सेल (Smell Cells) :-

सेल्युलर मोबाइल प्रणाली में बहुत सारे छोटे छोटे बेस स्टेशन का उपयोग किया जाता है

जिसकी त्रिज्या बहुत कम होती हैं (100 मीटर से 30 किमी तक)।

अतः छोटे ट्रांसमीटर की आवश्यकता होती है। T.V. प्रसारण में कव्हरेज क्षेत्र बड़ा होता है

अतः बड़े टावर तथा शक्तिशाली ट्रांसमीटर की आवश्यकता होती है।

2. आवृत्ति की पुनर्उपलब्धता (Frequency Reuse ) :-

एक सेल में उपलब्ध आवृत्ति का वर्णक्रम (Spectrum) सीमित होता है जिससे एक सेल में चैनलों की संख्या बहुत कम होती है।

इस समस्या से निपटने के लिए उसी आवृत्ति के चैनलों को व्यतिकरण क्षेत्र के बाहर स्थित सेल में पुनर्उपयोग किया जाता है।

इसीलिए उपभोक्ताओं (Subscriber) की संख्या बढ़ने पर सेल का आकार छोटा कर सेल का संख्या बढ़ा दी जाती है।

3. छोटे बैटरी की आवश्यकता (Need of Smell Battery ) :-

मोबाइल के हैंटसेट में छोटे बैटरी की आवश्यकता होती है , क्योंकि इसमें बहुत कम शक्तिशाली ट्रांसमीटर तथा रिसिवर को चलाना पड़ता है।

इससे हैंटसेट का आकार छोटा हो जाता है और उसे आसानी से पॉकेट में रखा जा सकता है।

4. हैंडओवर की सम्पादकता (Performance of Handover ):-

जब मोबाइल धारण एक सेल से दूसरे में गति करता है तो एक सेल से दूसरे सेल में इसका हैंडओवर बिना सम्पर्क टूटे आसानी से हो जाता है।

इससे मोबाइल धारक का सम्पर्क हमेशा कव्हरेज क्षेत्र के भीतर बना रहता है।

ट्रान्जिस्टर के उभयनिष्ठ आधार विधा में अभिलाक्षणिक

थॉमसन द्वारा e/m का निर्धारण :-

संचार तंत्र किसे कहते हैं ?

एनालॉग तथा डिजिटल संचार किसे कहते हैं ?

educationallof
Author: educationallof

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