लैन्थेनाइड का उपयोग (Uses of Lanthanide)
Table of Contents
लैन्थेनाइड का उपयोग –
1. मिश धातु , ऐसे मिश्र धातुएं हैं जिनमें 90-95% लैन्थेनाइडस (Ce , La , Nd) , 5% Fe एवं अत्यल्प मात्रा में Al , Ca, C, Si , S आदि होते हैं।
ये पुनः Fe , Cu , Ni , Al आदि के साथ मिश्रित किये जाते हैं जिससे विशिष्ट गुण या उद्देश्य प्राप्त कर सकते हैं।
ये स्वतः ज्वलनशील मिश्र धातु (Pyrophoric alloys) कहलाते हैं।
मिश धातुओं (Misch metals) एवं मिश्र धातुओं को भी रगड़ने पर चिंगारी उत्पन्न होती है।
इनका उपयोग प्रज्वलन युक्ति जैसे – लाइटर का चकमक (Flint) , ट्रेसर बुलेट (Tracer bullets) , ज्वाला देने वाले टैंक (Flame throwing tanks) आदि बनाने में किया जाता है।
2. गैस लैम्प मेंटल बनाने में Ce एवं Th के ऑक्साइड प्रयुक्त करते हैं।
3. Ce के ऑक्साइड में ऊष्मा एवं पराबैंगनी किरणों को दूर करने (अप्रभावित करने) का गुण होता है।
इसलिए इसका उपयोग चश्मों में किया जाता है।
4. जेट इंजिन के पार्ट्स बनाने में , 30% मिश धातु एवं 1% Zr युक्त मिश्र धातु का उपयोग करते हैं।
5. Pr₂O₃ एवं Nd₂O₄ का उपयोग रंगीन काँच एवं फिल्टर बनाने में किया जाता है।
सायनाइड या नाइट्राइल का परिचय (introduction and uses of Cyanides or Nitriles)
सायनाइड यौगिकों में क्रियात्मक समूह सायनो (-CN या -C≡ N) होता है।
कार्बनिक यौगिक जिनमें यह समूह उपस्थित होता है सामान्यतः नीले रंग के होते हैं।
अतः इन्हें सायनोजन (Cynogen) यौगिक कहते हैं।
(ग्रीक भाषा में , cynos = blue , genus = to produce) ।
सायनाइड यौगिकों को हाइड्रोजन सायनाइड (HCN) का व्युत्पन्न (Derivative) माना जाता है।
यदि HCN के H परमाणु को ऐल्किल या ऐरिल समूह से विस्थापित कर दिया जाय तो क्रमशः ऐल्किल सायनाइड (R-CN) और ऐरिल सायनाइड (Ar-CN) बनते हैं।
HCN (-H /+R या Ar) ⇒ R-CN. या Ar-CN
उपयोग –
1. ऐल्किल सायनाइड का उपयोग कार्बनिक यौगिकों के किसी श्रेणी में निम्नतर सदस्य से उच्चतर सदस्य के संश्लेषण में होता है।
2. कार्बनिक यौगिक के लिए विलायक के रूप में।
3. वाइनिल सायनाइड का उपयोग नाइट्राइल रबर निर्माण में तथा वस्त्र उद्योग में।
4. मेथिल सायनाइड का उपयोग इत्र उद्योग में।
ब्रूस्टर का नियम (Brewester’s law )
अनुदैर्ध्य तरंग में ध्रुवण क्यों नहीं होता ?
आवेशों का संरक्षण किसे कहते हैं
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